Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) is a condition where a blood clot (thrombus) forms in a deep vein, usually in the legs. This can be dangerous because the clot can break loose and travel to the lungs, causing a pulmonary embolism (PE), which is life-threatening.
Causes of DVT
DVT occurs due to a combination of factors known as Virchow’s triad:
- Slowed blood flow – Due to prolonged immobility (e.g., long flights, bed rest, or paralysis).
- Hypercoagulability – Increased tendency of the blood to clot due to conditions like cancer, pregnancy, birth control pills, or genetic disorders.
- Damage to the vein walls – Caused by surgery, injury, or inflammation.
Symptoms of DVT
Some people may not show symptoms, but common signs include:
- Swelling in one leg (or arm)
- Pain or tenderness in the affected area
- Red or discolored skin
- Warmth in the affected leg
Complications
- Pulmonary Embolism (PE): A clot that moves to the lungs can cause shortness of breath, chest pain, and even sudden death.
- Post-thrombotic Syndrome (PTS): Chronic leg swelling, pain, and skin changes due to long-term vein damage.
Risk Factors
- Prolonged sitting (e.g., long flights, road trips)
- Surgery or injury
- Cancer and chemotherapy
- Pregnancy
- Smoking
- Obesity
- Family history of blood clots
- Use of hormonal birth control or hormone therapy
Diagnosis
Doctors use:
- Doppler Ultrasound (most common)
- D-dimer blood test (to detect clotting activity)
- Venography or CT/MRI scan (less common but useful in some cases)
Treatment
- Anticoagulants (Blood thinners): Medications like Heparin, Warfarin, or newer drugs (e.g., Apixaban, Rivaroxaban) prevent clot growth.
- Compression stockings: Help reduce swelling and improve blood flow.
- Thrombolytics (clot-busting drugs): Used in severe cases.
- Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) Filter: A small device placed in the vein to catch clots if anticoagulants are not an option.
Prevention
- Stay active and move regularly, especially during travel.
- Stay hydrated.
- Wear compression stockings if at risk.
- Avoid smoking and maintain a healthy weight.
- Follow doctor’s advice on medication if you have a history of DVT.